The layer tunica intima is arteries inner layer that paved with a single-layer column of ECs lining subendothelial layer and is in direct contact with blood flow. A term lumen refers to the interior space of the vessel which is surrounded by the vessel wall. From a histological point of view, vessels contain three distinct zones from luminal to outer surface including tunica intima, tunica media and tunica adventitia (Fig. Since the capillaries have a thin wall and the blood flow in them is slow, so the swapping of materials between blood and cells is done in the capillaries. The smallest and most abundant vessels in the body are capillaries that form the connections between the arteries and veins. The vein is less muscular than the artery and has valves that prevent blood backflow. Most often, the vein returns the deoxygenated blood from various tissues to the heart, with the exception of the pulmonary vein and the umbilical vein that returns oxygen-carrying blood to the heart. The veins are responsible for returning blood to the heart. Accordingly, the arteries need an elastic wall to counteract the pressure effected when the ventricular and muscle contraction to enable better contraction to aid move the blood. Arteries have the potential to transport blood from the cardiac tissue to other organs, plus the systemic arteries are transporting oxygen-rich blood to the tissues. In general, blood circulates through the body via closed different vessels such as arteries, veins, and capillaries. All of these features have contributed to the emergence of comprehensive high throughput restorative effects in which electrospun nanofibers have been suggested as a novel modality with satisfactory outcomes in the restoration of cutaneous tissue, blood vessels, cartilage, bone, etc. To fabricate electrospun-nanofibers, multiple nano-sized scaffolding can be designed in 2D, and 3D with a porous structure to attain a high surface area-to-volume ratio, allowing cells to maintain juxtacrine interaction with each other. Up to the present, the application of electrospun-nanofibers, as a scaffold, is being popular in tissue engineering. However, scientific challenges still exist in the fabricated substrates parameters and values associated with the creation of environment comparable to in vivo condition. The constructs should have potential to imitate almost all aspects of the natural microenvironment. To achieve this end, tissue engineering usually starts with the fabrication of a specific matrix composed of multiple suitable components from a natural source (proteins) and synthetic materials (polymers). In terms of structural components, tissue engineering consists of three main components as follows scaffolds act as an underlying substitute with an applicable function to the ECM, growth factors that promote intracellular signaling effectors and distinct cell types as the main component of the tissue structure (Fig. Tissue engineering is interdisciplinary scientific modalities uses different methodologies to circumvent problems associated with tissue injury or organ loss. ![]() The provision of tubes with suitable resistance to the pressure and cyclic loading of blood that couple with the host vessels possessing antithrombotic activity are at the center of attention. So far, the vascular tissue engineering for large vessels had promising successes for vessels structure with a diameter of 6 mm, but the reconstruction of structures below this value is faced with several challenges. ![]() In this regard, novel tissue engineering technology can be used for vascular reconstruction. In line with these conditions, the need for transplantation of artificial vessel is felt more than ever. Also, the risk of thrombosis, infection, and rejection of the vascular transplant are very likely in these conditions. Calling attention, vascular transplantation is not often sufficient to meet patient needs due to limited vascular resources. At the moment, vascular grafts are currently prepared by vascular sections of the patient’s body or from an appropriate donor. In the circumstances with the complete vessels obstruction, vascular transplantation and bypass surgery are highly recommended. Peripheral vascular disease is touted as a common circulatory disorder that reduces blood nourishment and ultimately leads to the ischemic condition. In cardiovascular medicine, surgical approach and transplantation are often desired therapeutic options to care for patients with pathological conditions. Cardiovascular disease is one of the most important issues contributes to human death globally.
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